Distinct genetic structure in populations of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) shown by genetic markers ISSR and COI gene

Distinct genetic structure in populations of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) shown by genetic markers ISSR and COI gene. Green lacewings are generalist predators, and the species Chrysoperla externa presents a great potential for use in biological control of agricultural pests due to its high predation and reproduction capacities, as well as its easy mass rearing in the laboratory. The adaptive success of a species is related to genetic variability, so that population genetic studies are extremely important in order to maximize success of the biological control. Thus, the present study used nuclear (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat - ISSR) and mitochondrial (Cytochrome Oxidase I - COI) molecular markers to estimate the genetic variability of 12 populations in the São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as the genetic relationships between populations. High levels of genetic diversity were observed for both markers, and the highest values of genetic diversity appear associated with municipalities that have the greatest areas of native vegetation. There was high haplotype sharing, and there was no correlation between the markers and the geographic distribution of the populations. The AMOVA indicated absence of genetic structure for the COI gene, suggesting that the sampled areas formed a single population unit. However, the great genetic differentiation among populations showed by ISSR demonstrates that these have been under differentiation after their expansion or may also reflect distinct dispersal behavior between males and females.

Symptomatic spinal cord metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme / Metástase espinhal sintomática de glioblastoma multiforme

Metástases espinhais sintomáticas de glioblastoma multiforme são raramente descritas na literatura. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 27 anos que apresentou quadro de dor lombar e em membros inferiores bilateralmente nove meses após diagnóstico de GBM intracraniano. Exame de ressonância magnética da coluna lombar mostrou tumor em L1-L2 que foi removido com sucesso, e análise anatomopatológico foi consistente com metástase de GBM. Metástase espinhal deve ser investigada e incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de paciente com história prévia de GBM intracraniano e queixa de sintomas espinhais.

Symptomatic spinal cord metastasis from glioblastomamultiforme (GBM) has rarely been reported in the literature.We report the case of a 27-year-old man that presented withback and bilateral leg pain nine months after the primarydiagnosis of intracranial GBM. A magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of the lumbar spine showed a L1-L2 tumor that wasremoved successfully and histopathological examination wasconsistent with GBM metastasis. Spinal metastasis shouldbe investigated and included in the differential diagnosis if apatient with a previous history of intracranial GBM presentswith spinal symptoms.

Psychoanalytic treatment: a neurobiological view

We present a review of several hypotheses concerning the possible neurobiological correlates of the main processes involved in analytic therapy. Attachment theory may represent an interesting link between psychoanalysis and neurobiology. According to Bowlby's conception, interactions with parental figures during infancy lead to the formation of an "internal working model." This determines how the individual will relate with others and cope with stress throughout life. The patterns formed are in many cases pathological. The internal working model is stored as implicit memory, which is expressed independently of consciousness. Clinical improvement in analytic therapy ultimately depends on changes in the implicit memory system, which entails structural brain modifications. Implicit memory system changes may be related to alterations in explicit memory systems, which result from interpretative work. They may also occur directly as a result of the emotional experiences in the patient-analyst relationship.

Metástase espinhal sintomática de glioblastoma multiforme / Syntomatic spinal cord metastasis of glioblastoma

Metastasis espinhais sintomáticas de glioblastoma multiformesão raramente descritas na literatura. Relatamos o casode um paciente de 27 anos que apresentou quadro de dor lombare em membros inferiores bilateralmente nove meses apósdiagnóstico de GBM intracraniano. Exame de ressonânciamagnética da coluna lombar mostrou tumor em L1-L2 quefoi removido com sucesso, e análise anatomopatológico foiconsistente com metástase de GBM. Metástase espinhal deveser investigada e incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientecom história prévia de GBM.

Dinâmica espaço-temporal de taxocenoses de crisopídeos (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) em ecossistemas naturais / Spatio-temporal dynamic of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) taxocenosis on natural ecossystems

In order to study the interactions of green lacewings toxocenosis on natural ecossystems, samplings were carried out in the Parque Ecológico Quedas do Rio Bonito, located in Lavras, Alto Rio Grande region, South of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The species inventory was accomplished in two vegetation types: semi-evergreen forest and open field formations, including areas of montane grassland, rocky montane grassland and "cerrado". Insects were captured with a butterfly net during 2h, walking through each vegetation formation. Sampling resulted in 1,948 specimens belonging to 30 species, of which 14 were Chrysopini and 16 Leucochrysini. Representatives of these tribes were observed both in forest and in open field formations. Species of the genera Ceraeochrysa, Chrysoperla, Chrysopodes, Plesiochrysa and Leucochrysa were found in forests and in open field formations, except for Plesiochrysa. The highest richness and diversity of species were observed in the forest. The similarity index among the communities of green lacewings in the studied areas was 27 percent.

Green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) associated with Melon Crop in Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil

A survey of the green lacewings associated with the melon agroecosystem was carried out with the aim of including lacewings into the integrated management program of melon pests. Three species of this predator were found: Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen), Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Chrysoperla genanigra Freitas. A key to these species is presented.

Indicadores morfométricos em cabeças de espécies brasileiras de Chrysoperla (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) / Morphometric studies of the head of Brazilian species of Chrysoperla (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)

As espécies do gênero Chrysoperla que ocorrem no Brasil -C. externa (Hagen, 1861), C. defreitasi (Brooks, 1994), C. raimundoi (Freitas & Penny, 2001) e C. genanigra (Freitas, 2003)-, que apresentam as principais diferenças nas genitálias, foram estudadas morfometricamente através das distâncias entre pontos da cabeça (oito medidas lineares) a fim de melhor identificá-las. Os resultados, analisados através da estatística multivariada, mostraram que é possível se identificarem medidas que as distinguem individualmente, muito embora algumas espécies sejam mais distinguíves através da morfometria. A análise canônica mostrou que três das quatro espécies, C. raimundoi; C. genanigra e C. externa, não apresentaram grandes sobreposições entre si, sendo possível sua discriminação dentro do grupo, somente C. defreitasi apresentou uma baixa resolução de acordo com esta análise, ficando sobreposta com C. externa e C. genanigra, no entanto, ela é totalmente discriminada de C. raimundoi. As medidas que mais contribuíram para a diferenciação estão relacionadas ao tamanho da cabeça e em especial ao comprimento do labro, na extremidade da cabeça, até o nível dos olhos e antena.

The species C. externa, C. defreitasi, C. raimundoi and C. genanigra (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) have great differences in the genitalia. These species were studied morphometrically by the distances between points of the head (eight linear measurements) to better identify them. The results, analyzed by multivariate statistics, showed that it is possible to identify measures that distinguish the individual, although some species are more distinguishable by morphometry. The canonical analysis showed that three of the four species, C. raimundoi, C. genanigra and C. externa, showed no major overlap between them, and their possible discrimination within the group, only C. defreitasi presented a low resolution according to this analysis, being overlapped with C. externa and C. genanigra, however, it is totally broken in C. raimundoi. The measures that contributed most to differentiation are related to the size of the head and especially the length of wrasse on the edge of the head, until the level of the eyes and antenna.

Aspectos biológicos de Chrysoperla raimundoi Freitas & Penny (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) / Biological aspects of Chrysoperla raimundoi Freitas & Penny (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)

Os crisopídeos são importantes predadores e são encontrados em diversos agroecossistemas. A temperatura é um dos fatores determinantes para o desenvolvimento dos insetos, sendo que existe um gradiente de variação aceitável para cada espécie. Portanto, objetivou-se com este estudo verificar a influência de diferentes temperaturas sobre o desenvolvimento embrionário e pós-embrionário de C. raimundoi assim como verificar as conseqüências nas diferentes gerações. As fases jovens foram criadas em três ambientes com temperaturas constantes de 19,0, 25,0 e 31,0ºC e em um ambiente externo sem controle dos fatores abióticos. Foram observados a duração do período embrionário, do primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares, a duração do período larval, pupal e ovo-adulto, assim como, a sobrevivência em cada estágio, estádio e a porcentagem de emergência. O desenvolvimento embrionário e pós-embrionário diferiu entre as gerações F2 e F4. Quanto à influência de diferentes temperaturas para a geração F2, os indivíduos criados a 31,0ºC demonstraram redução na taxa de desenvolvimento com relação aos outros dois ambientes. Para a geração F4, observou-se que as diferentes temperaturas influenciaram no desenvolvimento, sendo que a 19,0ºC houve prolongamento do mesmo.

The green lacewings are important predators and are found in several agroecosystems. The temperature is one of the decisive factors for the development of insects, and there is an acceptable variation gradient for each species. Therefore, the purpose of this study was not only to check the influence of different temperatures on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of Chrysoperla raimundoi, as well as check the consequences in the different generations. The immature stages were reared at four different environmental conditions, three of them with constant temperatures (19,0, 25,0 e 31,0ºC) and the fourth rearing place was external to the laboratory without control of the abiotic factors. The duration of the embryonic period, first, second and third larval instar, pupal stage, and from egg to adult were evaluated; also the survival rate of each instar and stage and the emergence rate were calculated. The embryonic and post embryonic development differed between the generations F2 and F4. Also, the influence of different temperatures for the generation F2 among individuals created at 31,0ºC showed reduction on the development rate regarding the other two environments. It was possible to observe that the generation F4 has its development influenced by different temperatures, and the 19,0ºC temperature prolonged its development.

Biologia de Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) predando Plutella xylostella (L. ) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) / Biology of Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Preying on Plutella x ylostella (L. ) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) é um predador encontrado em vários agroecossistemas, predando insetos pequenos e de tegumento mole. Seu alto potencial reprodutivo e elevada capacidade de busca o tornam capazes de predar ovos e larvas de Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) nas partes mais internas da cabeça do repolho, onde outros inimigos naturais não conseguem. Essas características podem favorecer a utilização desse predador no controle biológico dessa praga. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é avaliar o desenvolvimento, reprodução e capacidade de predação de C. claveri, quando ovos e larvas de P. xylostella foram ofertados em condições de laboratório. Foram avaliadas as seguintes dietas: 1) ovos; 2) larvas de segundo ínstar; 3) ovos + larvas de segundo ínstar. O desenvolvimento e a viabilidade das formas imaturas de C. claveri foi melhor nas dietas que continham ovos da presa. A oviposição e longevidade também foram maiores nessas dietas, independentemente da presença de larvas. Contudo, o tipo de dieta não afetou a razão sexual e o peso das larvas no oitavo dia de vida. Em média, cada larva de C. claveri foi capaz de predar 1611 ovos ou 135 larvas de segundo ínstar de P. xylostella durante seu desenvolvimento. O predador foi capaz de aumentar a população 218 vezes a cada 42 dias, alimentando-se, exclusivamente, de ovos da presa. Concluiu-se que o predador apresenta potencial para ser utilizado no controle biológico de P. xylostella.

Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a predator found in several agricultural ecosystems and it preys on small and soft body insects. Its high reproductive potential and forage capacity makes it able of preying eggs and larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) internally hidden on cabbage head, where other natural enemies usually do not reach. These characteristics are important when choosing this predator to be used within biological control programs. This search evaluated the C. claveri development, reproduction, as well as the consumption of P. xylostella eggs and larvae under laboratory conditions. Therefore, it was evaluated the following diets: 1) eggs; 2) larvae of second ínstar; 3) eggs + larvae of second ínstar. The development and the viability of the immature forms of C. claveri were better in the diets containing eggs of P. xylostella. Also, the egg laying and adult longevity were greater with these diets, independently of the larvae presence. However, the diet type did not affect the sexual rate and the weight of the larvae after eight days of living. On average, each C. claveri larva was able of preying 1611 eggs or 135 second-ínstar larvae of P. xylostella during its development. The predator was able to increase its population 218 times after 42 days, feeding exclusively on P. xylostella eggs. Based on these results, this predator presents a great potential of being used within biological control programs of P. xylostella.

Parasitismo de Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Soares) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) em ovos de Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor (Hemiptera: Tingidae), em plantios de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.) / Parasitism of Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Soares) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor (Hemiptera: Tingidae) eggs, in rubber tree plantation (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.)

The rubber tree lace bug, Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor occurs in high populations in rubber tree plantations and it is a limiting factor in rubber production due to the loss of photosynthetic tissue. The control of the pest has been made mainly with chemical products, which cause environmental contamination. The alternative would be the use of biological control agents, however, information about L. heveae natural enemies are scarce. The parasitoid Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Soares) parasitize eggs of the rubber tree lace bug. The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of E. tingitiphagus in plantations of several rubber tree clones, located in Itiquira town, Mato Grosso State. The plant leaflets of the clones RRIM 600, PR 255, GT 1, PB 235 and PB 217 were collected weekly from October 2005 to February 2006. Parasitism was recorded during the entire study period. The parasitism rate of L. heveae eggs in the different clones ranged from 16.8 to 20.6 percent.

O percevejo-de-renda, Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor ocorre em altas populações em plantios de seringueira, sendo fator limitante para a extração de látex devido à perda de área fotossintetizante. O controle da praga tem sido principalmente à base de produtos fitossanitários, o que gera contaminação ambiental. A alternativa para o uso de inseticidas seria a utilização de agentes de controle biológico, entretanto, informações acerca dos inimigos naturais de L. heveae são escassas. O parasitóide Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Soares) ocorre parasitando ovos do percevejo-de-renda. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de E. tingitiphagus em plantios de vários clones de seringueira, no município de Itiquira, MT. Foram coletados semanalmente folíolos de plantas dos clones RRIM 600, PR 255, GT 1, PB 235 e PB 217, de outubro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006. Observou-se a ocorrência do parasitóide durante todo o período estudado. A taxa de parasitismo de ovos de L. heveae hospedados nos diferentes clones variou de 16,8 a 20,6 por cento.

Potencial reprodutivo de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) em função do número de indivíduos por unidade de criação / Reproductive capacity of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in function of the number of individuals per unit of rearing

This work was carried out to investigate the reproductive potential of Chrysoperla externa subjected to different densities per rearing unit. Adults of the F4 offspring were kept at 25 ± 1ºC, RH 70 ± 10 percent and 12 h photophase. It was used the following densities per rearing unit (10 cm of diameter by 23 cm of height, and volume of 1650 cm³): 1 male: 3 female, 2 males: 6 females, 3 males: 9 females and 4 males: 12 females. It was evaluated the pre-oviposition period, the daily and total oviposition per female and per rearing unit, the percentage of viable and infertile eggs percentage and the exploitation index per female and per rearing unit. The density 4 males: 12 females presented better exploitation when compared to the other densities thus equalizing the low values obtained for the mean and total egg laying per female.

Verificou-se o efeito de diferentes densidades de insetos por unidade de criação sobre o potencial reprodutivo de Chrysoperla externa. Utilizaram-se adultos da geração F4 mantidos a 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10 por cento de UR e fotofase de 12 horas. Foram utilizadas as seguintes densidades por unidade de criação (10 cm de diâmetro por 23 cm de altura e volume de 1650 cm³): um macho e três fêmeas, dois machos e seis fêmeas, três machos e nove fêmeas e quatro machos e doze fêmeas. Avaliou-se o período de pré-oviposição, a oviposição diária e total por fêmea e por unidade de criação, as porcentagens de ovos viáveis e inférteis e o índice de aproveitamento, calculado por fêmea e por unidade de criação. A densidade quatro machos e doze fêmeas apresentou melhor aproveitamento da unidade de criação, compensando as reduções observadas nos valores de postura média e total por fêmea.

Amostragem, diversidade e sazonalidade de Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) em Coffea arabica L. cv. Obatã (Rubiaceae) / Sampling, diversity and seasonal occurrence of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) in Coffea arabica L. cv. Obatã (Rubiaceae)

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar métodos de amostragem, abundância sazonal e diversidade da população de Hemerobiidae associada a cultivo de café Coffea arabica L. cv. Obatã em Cravinhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Para tanto foram realizadas amostragens semanais no período de maio de 2005 a abril de 2006. Os métodos de amostragem utilizados foram: rede de varredura e armadilhas de Mõericke e luminosa. Foram coletados 491 exemplares de Hemerobiidae pertencentes a quatro gêneros: Nusalala (231 espécimes / 47,2 por cento do total de hemerobiídeos coletados), Megalomus (110 / 22,5 por cento), Hemerobius (104 / 21,3 por cento) e Sympherobius (44 / 9 por cento). A rede de varredura foi a mais eficiente para a captura de Hemerobiidae e a armadilha de Mõericke foi o método de amostragem que apresentou os maiores valores de diversidade (H'= 0,56) e de equitabilidade (J= 0,93). Os hemerobiídeos estiveram presentes na área estudada durante o ano todo; as maiores freqüências foram registradas entre agosto e março (final do inverno, primavera e verão) e o maior pico populacional ocorreu em janeiro (na metade do verão). Megalomus apresentou correlação positiva e significativa (p< 0,05) com a precipitação pluviométrica e as temperaturas máxima e mínima; Nusalala com as temperaturas máxima e mínima e, Sympherobius apenas com a temperatura máxima.

This study evaluated sampling methods, seasonality and diversity of the hemerobiids associated to Coffea arabica L. cv. Obatã over a one-year period in Cravinhos, São Paulo, Brazil. The collecting methods were: sweeping net, light trap and Mõericke trap. 489 hemerobiids belonging to four genera, were collected: Nusalala (231 individuals / 47.2 percent of the hemerobiids collected), Megalomus (110 / 22.5 percent), Hemerobius (104 / 21.3 percent) and Sympherobius (44 / 9 percent). The sweeping net seems to be the most efficient method of sampling to capture Hemerobiidae and the Mõericke trap presented the higher value of diversity (H'= 0,56) and equitability (J= 0,93). The hemerobiids were recorded in the area along the entire year. The highest abundance occurred from August to March (end of winter, spring and summer) and the population peak was in January (mid-summer). Megalomus presented positive and significant correlations (p< 0.05) with the rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures; Nusalala with the maximum and minimum temperatures and Sympherobius only with the maximum temperature.

Ocorrência de Ungla Navás (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) no Brasil e descrição de nova espécie / Occurrence of Ungla Navas (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in Brazil and description of a new species

Pela primeira vez é registrada a ocorrência do gênero Neotropical Ungla Navás, 1914 em ecossistema brasileiro. Uma nova espécie é descrita para Sete Lagoas, Minas gerais, Brasil. Uma chave para espécies de Ungla é fornecida.

The Neotropical genus Ungla Navás, 1914 is recorded for the first time in the Brazilian ecosystem. A new species is described from Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A key for the Ungla species is added.

Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964 (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): descrição de uma nova espécie do Brasil / Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964 (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): description of a new species from Brazil

Chrysoperla genanigra sp. nov., is described from Pau Branco, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A key to the Brazilian species of Chrysoperla is added.

Caracterização morfológica de espécies de Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) associadas a cultivos de café (Coffea arabica L.), milho (Zea mays L.) e erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.) / Morphologic characterization of the Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 species (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) associated to the cultivations of coffee (Coffea arabica L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.)

The predators were collected in mate crop in Cascavel and São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, Brazil and some other additional specimens in coffee and maize crops in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Illustrations obtained by SEM are given by the first time to the principal structures. Three species of Hemerobius were identified: H. bolivari Banks, 1910; H. domingensis Banks, 1941 and H. gaitoi Monserrat, 1996. H. domingensis is recorded for the first time to Brazil.

Ocorrência e flutuação populacional de Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) em áreas de plantio de Pinus taeda (L. ) (Pinaceae) no sul do Paraná / Occurrence and population fluctuation of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) on Pinus taeda (L. ) (Pinaceae) in Southern Paraná

The lacewings are very voracious predators of aphids. The objective of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of adult chrysopids in areas of Pinus reforestation where the giant conifer aphid Cinara spp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is causing severe damages. A total of 47 specimens were collected during one year and identified as: Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861), Leucochrysa (Nodita) intermedia (Scheneir, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Nodita) vieirana (Navás, 1913). The captures in the area where the plants were one year old represented about 75 percent of the adults probably due to the high Cinara infestation on the trees in this area. The chrysopids were recorded mostly during the summer, possibly influenced by temperature.

Potencial de alimentação de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) em diferentes densidades de Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) / Feeding potential of Chrysoperia externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in different densities of Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Feeding potential of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in different densities of Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera, Aphididae). The feeding potential of 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) in relation to different densities of 30, 40 and 50 nymphs of Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) at 3rd and 4th instars was evaluated. The treatments were individualized into 2.5 cm in diameter and 8.5 cm tall flat bottom glass vials and maintained in a controlled environmental chamber at 25±2 ºC temperature, 70±10 percent RH and 14 h photophase. A completely randomized experimental design with 10 replications was used. The consumption of the prey nymphs by the predator larvae was evaluated after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h from the beginning of the experiment and at every subsequent 24 h period until 2nd instar larvae molted or 3rd instar larvae pupated. Results have shown that for 2nd instar larvae, during the 1 h to 24 h period, there was a decreasing prey consumption at the 30 and 40 prey densities. However an increase in the consumption at the 50 prey density was observed. After this period, C. externa larvae presented a progressive increase on nymphs consumption as a function of the prey density. The same occurred with de 3rd instar predator larvae in all treatments. When daily mean consumption was evaluated the predator/prey ratio was 1:23, 1:27 and 1:33 for 2nd instar larvae and 1:27, 1:33 and 1:41 for 3rd instar larvae at 30, 40 and 50 nymph densities, respectively

Aspectos Biológicos dos Estádios Imaturos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) e Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Alimentados com Ovos e Ninfas de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) / Biological Aspects of Immature Stages of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Fed on Eggs and Nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Genn. ) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The biological aspects of immature stages of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) fed on eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B were evaluated. Eggs of the predators were individualized into 2.5 cm in diameter and 8.5 cm tall flat bottom glass vials which were maintained 25±2°C temperature, 70±10 percent RH and 14h photophase. After larvae eclosion, 2 cm in diameter disks of tomato and cabbage leaves containing eggs and nymphs of B. tabaci, respectively, were then placed in the vials. Duration and viability of each larval instar as well as of the pupal phase of both predator species fed on different stage of the prey were evaluated. First-instar larvae of C. externa had longer development when fed on eggs of B. tabaci biotype B, thus showing that the stage of the prey offered did affect the developmental period. The same did not occur for C. cincta. The development of the 1st-instar larvae of both predator species was similar when fed on B. tabaci eggs; however, C. cincta presented a longer development period (5.4 days) as compared to C. externa (4.0 days) when fed on nymphs of the prey. For 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae and for the duration of the larval phase there was no effect of the stage of the prey offered (egg or nymph) on the developmental period. The duration of the 2nd instar was longer for C. cincta than for C. externa (4.8 and 4.1 days, respectively). However the duration of the 3rd instar was longer and the larval phase was shorter for C. externa (6.6 and 15.3 days, respectively) than for C. cincta (6.4 and 16.7 days, respectively). The larval instars viability was above 90 percent for both species. Nevertheless, lower percent viability of the pupal phase was recorded for C. cincta, when fed on eggs (30 percent) or nymphs (55.6 percent).

Foram avaliados os aspectos biológicos dos estádios imaturos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) e Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider), alimentados com ovos e ninfas de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B. Ovos dos predadores foram individualizados em recipientes de vidro de fundo chato com 2,5 cm de diâmetro e 8,5 cm de altura que foram mantidos à temperatura de 25±2°C, UR de 70±10 por cento e fotofase de 14h. Após a eclosão das larvas, discos de folhas de tomateiro e de couve com 2 cm de diâmetro, contendo ovos e ninfas de B. tabaci, respectivamente, foram colocados nos recipientes. A duração e a viabilidade de cada ínstar e da fase pupal de ambas as espécies predadoras alimentadas com diferentes estágios da presa foram avaliados. Larvas de primeiro ínstar de C. externa apresentaram desenvolvimento mais lento quando alimentadas com ovos de B. tabaci biotipo B monstrando influência do estágio da presa fornecida no período de desenvolvimento do predador. O mesmo não ocorreu para a espécie C. cincta. O desenvolvimento de larvas de primeiro ínstar de ambas as espécies predadoras foi semelhante quando foram alimentadas com ovos de B. tabaci; porém C. cincta apresentou período de desenvolvimento mais longo (5,4 dias) comparada a C. externa (4,0 dias) quando alimentada com ninfas da presa. Para larvas de segundo e terceiro ínstares e para a duração da fase larval não houve influência do estágio da presa fornecida (ovo ou ninfa) no período de desenvolvimento. A duração do segundo ínstar foi maior para C. cincta do que para C. externa (4,8 e 4,1 dias, respectivamente). Porém a duração do terceiro instar foi maior e da fase larval foi menor para C. externa (6,6 e 15,3 dias, respectivamente) do que para C. cincta (6,4 e 16,7 dias, respectivamente). A viabilidade dos ínstares foi acima de 90 por cento para ambas as espécies. No entanto, menor porcentagem de viabilidade da fase de pupa foi registrada para C. cincta, quando alimentada com ovos (30 por cento) ...

Efeito de diferentes dietas sobre o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Chrysoperla defreitasi Brooks (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) / Effect of different diets on post-embryonic development of Chrysoperla defreitase Brooks (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The post-embryonic period of the predator Chrysoperla defreitasi Brooks, fed on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) and Diatrea saccharalis (Fabricius) was evaluated under laboratory conditions at 25±2ºC temperature, 70±10% RU, and 14h photophase. The chrysopidae eggs wereindividualized in glass tubes and after eclosion the larvae were fed on the respective preys and maintained under controlled conditions in a climatic chamber. The experimental design used was completely randomized with 150 replications for each diet. The duration of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instars as well as of the pupal phase were 3.4, 2.7, 3.5, and 11.9 days, respectively, for the larvae fed on D. saccharalis and 3.6, 2.8, 2.7, and 9.3 days, respectively, when the diet provided was S. cerealella eggs. Chrysopidae larvae fed on eggs of D. saccharalis took an average of 21.5 days to complete the post-embryonicdevelopment, with 34.0% of adults emerged, while the individuals fed on S. cerealella eggs took 18.4 days in average, with 55.3% of adults emerged. Data allowed to conclude that the best diet for postembryonic development of C. defreitasi are eggs of S. cerealella, since insects fed on that diet had a shorter development period, higher viability of the three larval instars as well as of the pupal stage, producing higher number of adults.

Avaliou-se o período pós-embrionário do predador Chrysoperla defreitasi Brooksalimentada com ovos de Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) e Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) em condiçõesde laboratório à temperatura de 25±2°C, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 14h. Os ovos do crisopídeo foram individualizados em tubos de vidro e, após a eclosão, as larvas foram alimentadas com as respectivas presas e mantidas em sala climatizada, sob condições controladas. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com 150 repetições para cada dieta. As durações do 1o, 2o e 3oínstar e da fase pupal foram, respectivamente, 3,4, 2,7, 3,5 e 11,9 dias para larvas alimentadas com D.saccharalis e 3,6, 2,8, 2,7 e 9,3 dias, quando a dieta oferecida foi ovos de S. cerealella. Larvas de crisopídeos alimentados com ovos de D. saccharalis levaram em média 21,5 dias para completar o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário, com 34,0% de adultos emergidos, enquanto que os alimentadoscom ovos de S. cerealella levaram 18,4 dias com 55,3% de adultos. Pode-se, pois, constatar que a melhor dieta para o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de C. defreitasi foram os ovos de S. cerealella, sendo que insetos alimentados com esta dieta apresentaram período mais curto de desenvolvimento, maior viabilidade nos três ínstares larvais e no período pupal, produzindo maior número de adultos.

Preservaçäo do ramo frontotemporal do nervo facial na craniotomia pterional: técnica de Speltzler e Lee: relato de 45 casos / Preservation of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve using Spetzler and Lee's technique for pterional craniotomy: report of 45 cases

No período entre dezembro de 1990 e novembro de 1994 (4 anos) 47 aneurismas cerebrais foram tratados através da craniotomia pterional. A técnica de Spetzler e Lee foi utilizada na abertura do músculo temporal, tendo sido observada a preservaçäo, do ramo frontotemporal do nervo facial, em todos os casos. É importante observar que houve boa exposiçäo da crista esfenoidal, reduçao do tempo cirúrgico e bom resultado cosmético com está técnica.